独立主格结构
一、聚焦独立主格结构 独立主格结构，又叫独立结构（absolute construction）。它在句法上游离于句子主体之外，跟主句没有任何句法联系；但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起，共同构成一个完整的语义环境。独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，只有逻辑上的主语，因此，它在句法上不是句子，而是一个独立于句子成分之外的独特结构。 独立主格结构可置于句首、句尾，用逗号与主句隔开。如： The teacher came in，book in hand．＝ Book in hand，the teacher came in．独立主格结构分为四个类型：1?独立分词结构；2?独立不定式结构；3?独立无动词结构；4?with复合结构。分述如下：<h6>一、独立分词结构</h6>独立分词结构的构成是：“主格词＋分词”。主格词可以是代词、名词和名词词组；分词可以是过去分词和现在分词的各种时态和语态。如： 1?She being my close friend，I should have helped her．她是我的好朋友，我应该帮助她。 在独立主格结构中，分词的逻辑主语必须是主格词，不能用其宾格词。She不能换为 her。分词的逻辑主语（即主格词）和主句的主语不能表示同一概念，例1中的she和I不是同一个人；下面例2中的spring和the fields也不是同一概念。 独立分词结构的句法功能是在句中作状语，相当于分词短语，表示谓语动词的时间、原因、条件、方式和伴随状况。如2?Spring coming，the fields are full of life．春天来了，田野里充满生机。（时间） 3．Professor Wang being ill，the lecture was put off．因为王教授生病，报告被推迟了。（原因） 4．More time given，we should have done it much better．如果给我们更多的时间，我们会做得更好。（条件） 5．The tourists visited many scenic spots in Beijing，the guide acting as interpreter．导游做翻译，游客们游览了北京的很多景点。（方式） 6．The boy stood there，his right hand raised．那个男生坐在那里，右手高举。（伴随） 在独立分词结构中，主格词与分词形成逻辑主谓关系时，用现在分词，如例句2中，“春天”和“到来”是逻辑主谓关系，用现在分词；主格词与分词形成逻辑动宾关系时，用过去分词，如例句4中，“时间”和“给”，是动宾关系（被动关系），用过去分词。 在独立分词结构中，如果强调分词的时间发生在主句动词时间之前，常用现在分词完成时态表示。如： 7．Her money（having been）stolen，she couldn't buy a plane ticket for her home．她的钱被偷了，她不能买回家的飞机票了。（时间和原因） 8．The chairman having announced the agenda of the conference，the delegates left the assembly hall．主席宣布会议议程后，代表们离开了会议大厅。（时间） 9．The students having done all the exercises，the teacher went on to explain the text．学生做完所有的练习后，老师继续讲课文。（时间）在独立分词结构中，being和having been常常可以省略。如例1、3、7分别变为1．She my close friend，I should have helped her． 3．Professor Wang ill，the lecture was put off． 7．Her money stolen，she couldn't buy a plane ticket for her home．省略being和having been后，更强调状态和原因。 注：“there being ＋主格词”是独立分词结构的一种特殊形式，意义上表示存在，句法上相当于一个状语，表示原因、条件。如例10、11： 10．There being no bus，we had to go back home on foot．因为没有公共汽车，我们步行回了家。 这里no bus是主格词，there being是分词短语。主格词通常由名词、名词词组和不定代词充当。这里人称代词不能充当主格词。 There being一般不省略。例如： 11．There being no one in the classroom， Mr．Li had to leave．教室没有一个人，老李只有离开。 <h6>二、独立不定式结构</h6>独立分词结构表示的时间是发生在主句动词动作之前或同时发生。如果时间发生在主句动词动作之后或者还没有发生，就需要用独立不定式结构来表达。独立不定式结构的构成是：“主格词＋不定式”。主格词是代词、名词和名词词组。如： 12．More time to be given，we will make full use of it．再给一些时间，我们就会充分利用它。（将来时间，表示假设） 13．Nobody to come tomorrow，we will have to put off the meeting till next week．如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。（将来时间，表示计划） 在独立不定式结构中，不定式多表示将来的动作行为或状态，有企图、约定等含义，指的是计划、安排、假设的事情。又如： 14．The exam to be held tomorrow，I couldn't go to the cinema tonight．明天要考试，我今晚不能去看电影。（将来的计划） 独立不定式结构中，如果主格词和不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系，如例13中nobody和come构成主动语态，不定式就用主动语态；如果构成动宾关系，如例12中time和 give，构成逻辑上的被动关系，不定式则用被动语态。<h6>三、独立无动词结构</h6>独立无动词结构的构成是：“主格词＋非动词部分”。主格词可以是代词、名词和名词词组，非动词部分是：名词（短语）、形容词（短语）、副词（短语）、和介词（短语）。这种结构多用来表达对主句细节的补充说明，对主句动词意义上的伴随，有时还用来表达事件发生的原因、时间等。如： 15．We met many guests，most of them Americans．我们会见了很多客人，客人大部分是美国人。（名词）（补充） 16．I heard that she got injured in the accident，my heart full of worry．我听说她在这场事故中受了伤，内心充满担忧。（形容词）（伴随） 17．The murderer got into the house，a knife in his hand．凶手闯进房间，手里拿着刀。（介词短语）（伴随） 18．The murderer got into the house，knife in hand．（介词短语）（伴随） 在“主格词＋介词短语”结构中，主格词的修饰语和介词的宾语修饰语必须保持一致。如例17、例18。前一个名词是泛指而后一个名词是特指，或前一个名词是特指而后一个名词是泛指都是不对的。如a knife in hand和knife in his hand都是错误的。<h6>四、with复合结构</h6>with复合结构在中学英语中比较常见。它的构成是：“with ＋宾语＋宾语补足语”。宾语由代词、名词、名词词组充当，宾补由分词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语、名词等充当。根据句意需要，with可换为without。如： 19．Holms and Watson sat with the light on for half an hour．福尔摩斯和沃森坐着，让灯亮了半个小时。（介词短语）（伴随）20．Possibly this person died without anyone knowing where the coins were hidden．也许这个人死了，谁也不知道钱币藏在哪里。（现在分词）（伴随） 21．He used to sleep with the door open．他过去常开着门睡觉。（形容词）（伴随） 22．With the work done，he went home．工作做完后，他回了家。（过去分词）（时间） 23．With you to help us，we will finish the task in time．由你来帮助，我们将会及时完成任务。（不定式）（条件）24．Hong Kong looks more beautiful with thousands of lights on at night．夜里，香港万盏灯火，分外美丽。（副词）（伴随） 在with复合结构中，宾语和宾补之间形成逻辑上的主谓关系。如例19中the light和 on是逻辑主谓关系，又如例20中anyone和 knowing分词短语形成逻辑主谓关系。当这种主谓关系表现为主动语态时，用现在分词， anyone和know是主动语态，用现在分词 knowing；当这种主谓关系表现为被动语态时，用过去分词，如例22中work和do是被动语态，工作被做，用过去分词done；当这种主谓关系表示将来意义时，用不定式，如例23中事情没有发生，用to help us；当这种主谓关系表示伴随意义时，用现在分词，请比较例25与26： 25．With a boy leading the way，they started towards the village．由一个小男孩领着路，他们朝那个村子去了。（表示伴随，事情已经做了） 26．Without anyone to lead the way in the city，he will certainly get lost．在这个城市没人给他领路，他肯定会迷路的。（表示条件，事情还没有做）with复合结构还可以作定语。对所修饰的名词进行补充、说明，相当于非限定性定语从句。如： 27．On his way home he found a silver coin，with a man's head on its face．在回家的路上，他发现了一枚银币，币上有一个男人的头像。28．The old man with his eyes looking at the sky is my grandfather．那个眼睛望着天空的老人是我爷爷。 <h6>高考例析：</h6>1．The murderer was brought in，with his hands __________ behind his back． A．being tied B．having tied C．to be tied D．tied（MET 1991） 本题答案：D 该题中hands和tie之间是被动关系，选 tied为正确答案。A项中being tied现在分词的被动式，不能表示状态；C项中to be tied将要被绑，也不表示状态；B项中having tied为主动语态，不表示被动关系。 2．__________ production up by 60％，thecompany has had another excellent year． A．As B．For C．With D．Though（NMET 2000） 本题答案：C 该题中production产品是with的宾语， up by 60％是副词短语作宾补，它们共同构成 with的复合结构，在句中作状语，起补充说明作用。as，for是两个介词，不能带up by 60％这个副词短语，though是连词，须引导句子，也不对。<h6>巩固练习：</h6>1．The thief stood before the policeman，__________ admitting what he had done． A．with his drooping head B．drooping his head C．raising his head D．with his head down 2．__________ ，he can't go out for a walk as usual． A．With so much work to do B．With so much work doing C．With so much work done D．Without so much work to do 3．It's quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth __________ and his eyes __________ ． A．closed；open B．closed；opened C．closing；open D．closing；opening 4．All things __________ ，the plan trip will have to be called off． A．be considered B．considered C．considering D．having considering 5．__________ ，we have to get down to business right away． A．As there was no time left B．There is no time left C．There being no time left D．There to be no time left 6．__________ yesterday，we went out for a walk． A．As a fine day B．It was a fine day C．It being a fine day D．For it was a fine day 7．The old man stood there，__________ ． A．with back against the wall B．with his back against the wall C．with back against wall D．his back against wall 答案：1—5 DAABC 6—7 CB二、独立主格结构巩固练习1. ______ no bus, we had to walk home. A. There was B. There being C. Because there being2. ____, I'll go there with you tomorrow afternoon. A. Time permits B. If time permitting C. Time permitting D. Time's permitting3. _____, we all went home happily. A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said C. Goodbye said D. When goodbye said 4. _____, we all went swimming in high spirits. A. It being fine weather B. It fine weather C. It was fine weather D. It being a fine weather 5. ____, the bus started at once. A. The signal was given B. The signal giving C. The signal given D. When the signal given 6. She stood there, _____ from her cheeks. A. tears' rolling down B. tears rolled down C. with tears rolled down D. tears rolling down7. ____, the leaves are turning green. A. When spring coming on B. Spring coming on C. Spring came on D. Spring being come on8. _____, I had to buy a new one. A. My dictionary losing B. My dictionary having been lostC. My dictionary had been lost D. Because my dictionary lost9. I used to sleep with the window _____. A. opened B. open C. opening D to open10. ____, the hunter went into the forest. A. A gun on shoulder B. A gun was on his shoulder C. Gun on shoulder D. A gun being on shoulder11. ____ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year. A. As B. For C. With D. Through12. With a lot of work ____, I have to sit up tonight. A. do B. doing C. done D. to do 13. He stood there silently, his lips_____. A. trembling B. trembled C. were trembling D. were trembling 14. _____, her suggestion is of greater value than yours. A. All things considering B. All things consideredC. All things were considered D. With all things were considered15. ______, we will surely succeed. A. The teacher helping us B. The teacher to help us C. The teacher will help us D. With the teacher helping1-5 BCCAC 6-10 DBBBC 11-15 CDABB[此贴子已经被作者于2006-8-26 20:16:25编辑过]
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